TIMOR LOROSA'E JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND INNOVATION (TORBIN)
The Timor Lorosa'e Journal of Business and Innovation (TORBIN) is a peer-reviewed, open-access, interdisciplinary journal published by the Institute of Business, Timor-Leste. The journal is dedicated to advancing scholarly and practical knowledge in the fields of business, management, and innovation. TORBIN provides a rigorous platform for high-quality research, facilitating critical discussions, innovative methodologies, and cutting-edge perspectives that contribute to the global discourse on contemporary management and innovation strategies. Dedicated to providing actionable insights, TORBIN publishes high-quality research papers, case studies, and theoretical analyses from academics, industry practitioners, and thought leaders worldwide. The journal places a special emphasis on issues pertinent to emerging markets, digital transformation, sustainable development, and entrepreneurial ecosystems, with a particular interest in how these topics influence the evolving business landscape in Timor-Leste and the broader Asia-Pacific region. TORBIN welcomes submissions that address a diverse range of themes, including but not limited to: Strategic management and organizational behavior Innovation and technology management Digital transformation and its impact on business Sustainable business practices and corporate social responsibility Cross-cultural management and global business strategies Behavioral management and psychological approaches in business Our mission is to bridge the gap between theory and practice, offering insights that benefit scholars, policymakers, and industry professionals alike. By promoting rigorous research and fresh perspectives, TORBIN aims to inspire innovative solutions and strategic thinking essential for navigating the complexities of the modern business environment.
Institute of Business (IoB), Dili, Timor Leste
THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND WORK MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH JOB SATISFACTION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE AT THE CATHOLIC GENERAL SECONDARY SCHOOL [ENSINO SECUNDÁRIO GERAL CATÓLICA] SEMINÁRIO DE NOSSA SENHORA DE FÁTIMA BALIDE-DILI
Employee performance or work achievement is the result of individual efforts, abilities, and actions within a given situation. Several factors influence employee performance, including motivation, proficiency, and role perception. High-quality performance must align with institutional standards. To ensure employees remain motivated to achieve optimal performance, leadership plays a crucial role. A leader with an appropriate leadership style acts as a motivator who inspires subordinates. This study focuses on the leadership style at the Catholic General Secondary School (Ensino Secundário Geral Católica) Seminário de Nossa Senhora de Fátima (SENOFA) Balide, Dili. These findings highlight that while leadership style enhances job satisfaction, it does not directly improve work performance. In contrast, work motivation plays a pivotal role, both directly and indirectly (through job satisfaction), in enhancing employee performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 TIMOR LOROSA'E JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND INNOVATION (TORBIN)
THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTION AND OPERATING COSTS ON NET PROFIT WITH SALES VOLUME AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE “A CASE STUDY AT THE TIMOR BLOCK BUILDING INDUSTRY”
This study examines the influence of production and operating costs on the company’s net profit, with sales volume serving as an intervening variable. The case study focuses on the Timor Block Building Industry for the period 2014-2023. Using a quantitative approach, secondary data were collected through saturated sampling. Multiple linear regression and Sobel tests were employed to evaluate both direct and indirect relationships among the variables. The findings indicate that production costs have a positive and significant effect on both net profit and sales volume. Operating costs positively and significantly affect net profit, but negatively influence sales volume. Additionally, sales volume exhibits a significant negative effect on net profit and significantly mediates the relationships between production and operating costs and net profit. These results highlight the importance of efficiently managing both production and operational costs to enhance financial performance, with direct effects being more dominant than indirect effects through sales volume.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REALIZATION OF THE GENERAL STATE BUDGET OF TIMOR-LESTE: A CASE STUDY IN THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF TIMOR-LESTE
This study aims to analyze the influence of budget planning, financial management, human resource capacity, and coordination between national and municipal levels on the realization of the State General Budget (OJE) in the Ministry of Health of Timor-Leste. This research utilizes a quantitative approach with a descriptive nature. The population and sample consisted of 45 respondents (census method), specifically planning and finance officers from the National Directorate of Budget and Financial Management (DNOJF), Central Procurement Unit, and Municipal Health Services in Ainaro and Bobonaro. Data was analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression via SPSS. The findings indicate that simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence budget realization. However, partially, only Financial Management showed a significant positive effect on budget realization. Budget Planning, Human Resource Capacity, and Coordination did not show a statistically significant partial effect, despite receiving positive descriptive ratings. The coefficient of determination was 34.9%. While the Ministry possesses good planning foundations and competent staff, the critical determinant for actual budget execution is the effectiveness of financial management processes (disbursement and control). Recommendations include simplifying financial procedures and integrating planning more closely with financial execution.
THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN ENHANCING JOB SATISFACTION MEDIATED BY TRUST IN LEADERSHIP: A CASE STUDY AT THE SECRETARIAT OF STATE FOR SOCIAL COMMUNICATION (SECOMS), TIMOR-LESTE
This study examines the effects of leadership style and organizational culture on job satisfaction, with role of trust in leadership as the mediating variable in Secretariat of Social Communication (SECOMS) in Timor-Leste. The research addresses three gaps: limited empirical evidence from Timor-Leste’s public sector, the underexplored mediating role of trust in leadership, and the scarcity of studies in post-conflict public institutions. A quantitative explanatory design was employed, analyzing 100 valid responses using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Results show that leadership style significantly influences organizational culture and job satisfaction. In addition, Organizational culture has a positive but non-significant effect on job satisfaction while Trust in leadership significantly predicts organizational culture and job satisfaction. In relation to the role of trust as mediating variable, it partially mediates the relationships between leadership style, organizational culture, and job satisfaction. Theoretically, the study highlights trust as a key psychological and organizational mechanism linking leadership practices to employee outcomes in post-conflict public institutions. Empirically, it provides new evidence from Timor-Leste, an underrepresented context in leadership and public administration research. Practically, the findings emphasize the importance of cultivating trustworthy, participatory, and consistent leadership to enhance job satisfaction and support civil service reform. This study offers guidance for policymakers and managers seeking to improve organizational effectiveness through leadership and trust-building strategies.
THE INFLUENCE OF BUDGET PREPARATION PARTICIPATION, HUMAN RESOURCE QUALITY AND ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT PERFORMANCE
This study aims to determine the influence of budget preparation participation, quality of human resource and the implementation of accounting system on local government Performance. The research object was all employees at the Municipality of Ainaro. The number of respondents in this study was 55. Sampling was based on proportional sampling. Data collection techniques used a questionnaire. Instrument testing (validity and reliability tests), classical assumption (normality test, multicollinearity test and heterokedasticity test), multiple linear regression and hypothesis testing consisting of partial test (t-test) and simultaneous test (f-test). The result of the study indicate that, partially, the participation of budget preparation has a positive and significant effect on performance of local government, the quality of human resource han no significant effect on performance of local government, and the implementation of accounting system has a positive and significant effect on performance of local government. Simultaneously, the participation of budget preparation, the quality of human resource and the implementation of accounting system significantly effect on performance of local government. The coefficient of determination obtained is 0,409 or 40.9%. This means that the performance of local government in Ainaro Municipality can be explained by the participation of budget preparation, quality of human resource and the implementation of accounting system.
THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT QUALITY AND PRODUCT PRICE ON PURCHASE DECISIONS WITH CONSUMER SATISFACTION MEDIATION (STUDY ON IRAMOR COMPANY, BECORA, DILI, TIMOR-LESTE)
This study aims to determine the influence of product quality and product price on purchasing decisions with the mediation of consumer satisfaction (study at the Iramor company, Becora, Dili, Timor-Leste). In this study, the research method used is a quantitative research method. The population obtained is the entire consumer who consumes Iramor mineral water with Incidental samples , so researchers can find a sample of 150 consumers. The data used in this study is primary data, namely by distributing questionnaires. The data analysis technique is a quantitative data analysis technique using statistical methods. The statistical method used is Partial Least Square (PLS). The results of the study show that product quality has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction. In Iramor company, product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions in Iramor company, product price has a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction in Iramor company, product price has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions in Iramor company, consumer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions in Iramor company, the role of consumer satisfaction on product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions in Iramor company and the role of consumer satisfaction on product price has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions in Iramor company.
EFFECTIVENESS OF BUDGET ABSORPTION IN THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE (MAPPF) OF TIMOR LESTE
The purpose of this study is to determine and analyse the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption in the Ministry of Agriculture of Timor-Leste, and to assist the Ministry's planning and finance division in providing baseline information for decision-making. This research can inform future budget allocations, provide empirical contributions to financial management theory, and serve as a reference for further research. This study used documentary data collection techniques, collected through the Ministry's financial reports for the 2018-2022 period. Data processing employed descriptive methods, while the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption was measured using the Mardiasomo formula (2007:129). The results of the study show that the effectiveness of program-based budget absorption in the Ministry of Agriculture in 2018 was assessed with an effectiveness level of 92.02% with the category "Very Effective", in 2019 the effectiveness level was 84.62% with the category "Effective", in 2020 the effectiveness level was 95.25% with the category "Very Effective", in 2021 the effectiveness level was 73.67% with the category "Quite Effective" and in 2022 the effectiveness level was 77.02% with the category "Quite Effective" Judging from the average effectiveness level for 5 years of around 84.51%, it is classified as "Quite Effective" It is assumed that the Ministry of Agriculture is very careful in budget planning and always refers to the legal basis for planning so that there are spending programs that are partially realized and several other programs are also not realized due to inadequate budget allocation and suboptimal realization so that they do not reach the expected target.
Effectiveness Program-Based Budget Absorption
EVALUATION OF THE RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS TO ATTRACT QUALIFIED TALENT USING THE CIPP MODEL IN PLAN INTERNATIONAL TIMOR-LESTE
Human resource management is essential for improving employee quality, competence, and performance. Plan International Timor-Leste also recognizes human resources as a core asset, yet it faces challenges in attracting candidates whose skills fully match organizational needs. Observations indicate that some selected candidates do not always meet the required technical capacity, leading the organization to rely at times on international staff for technical support. Some recruits also resign after selection because their roles do not match their expectations or do not fully align with the organization’s mission. This study evaluates the recruitment and selection system using the CIPP model to analyze context, inputs, processes, and outcomes. A qualitative descriptive method with thematic analysis was applied. The findings show that the organization requires highly qualified staff to support its programs, with recruitment inputs guided by job descriptions and person specifications. Recruitment involves several stages, including public job advertisements through digital and local media. Most selected candidates meet qualification standards and contribute effectively to program implementation, although some require additional training and adaptation. Overall, the system is functional but would benefit from strengthening input and process components to more effectively attract and retain qualified talent.
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT AND WORK INVOLVEMENT ON EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING IN THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT, TIMOR-LEST
This study analyzed the impact of perceived Perceived Organizational Support and Work Engagement on employee well-being. This survey was conducted in the National Parliament of Timor Leste, covering all 118 employees as a sample for the survey. Data collection was obtained through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results show that Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive but insignificant effect directly on employee well-being, and work engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee well-being. Complementary work engagement partially mediates the effect of Perceived Organizational support on employee well-being. This research recommends to the Secretariat of the National Parliament to pay more attention to the welfare of employees so that employees can feel that the organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being. This is important because employees' involvement in daily work can greatly affect their well-being.
THE INFLUENCE OF E-PROCUREMENT IMPLEMENTATION, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND EMPLOYEE COMPETENCE ON FRAUD PREVENTION IN THE PROCUREMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICES AT EDTL, E.P. DILI, TIMOR-LESTE
This research was conducted at EDTL, E.P Dili Timor Leste. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of e-procurement implementation, organizational commitment, and employee competence on the prevention of fraud in the procurement of goods and services both partially and simultaneously. The research data were obtained through EDTL, E.P. employees, Timor Leste in the procurement system section, totaling 59 people. The research method uses a survey method with a quantitative approach and sampling is done using a non-probability sampling technique. Data were collected using a questionnaire with a Likert scale distributed to all research respondents. Thus, the fourth hypothesis in this study states that the variables of E-procurement Implementation, organizational commitment, and employee competence simultaneously have a significant effect on fraud prevention. Based on the adjusted R square, the contribution of the variables E-procurement Implementation, organizational commitment, employee competence to fraud prevention is 45% and the remaining 55% is influenced by other variables outside this study. So, the level of influence of E-procurement Implementation in the procurement of goods and services program, employee organizational commitment integrated with quality employee competence will reduce the chances of fraud committed by employees.
EVALUATION OF HUMAN RESOURCE ALLOCATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS, TIMOR-LESTE
This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the Human Resource (HR) allocation policy in the Ministry of Public Works (MOP) of Timor-Leste using a qualitative case study approach. The study focuses on four key aspects: the implementation of the HR allocation policy, the challenges and constraints encountered during implementation, the impact on employee performance and public service delivery, and employee perceptions of the existing HR allocation system. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with key informants from the National Directorate of Human Resources (DNRH) and technical units within the MOP, non-participant observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal a gap between formal regulatory frameworks and actual practices in the field. Although the policy emphasizes merit and competence, HR allocation practices are often influenced by political interference and personal connections. Major challenges include a weak HR information system, unclear job descriptions, and the absence of post-placement training and evaluation mechanisms. These conditions negatively affect employee motivation, contribute to bureaucratic inefficiencies, and create imbalances in personnel distribution across units. Many employees perceive the allocation system as unfair and non-transparent, expressing a need for merit-based reforms. The study recommends strengthening institutional capacity, improving the HR information system, and establishing an independent evaluation and monitoring mechanism to enhance accountability in the public sector HR allocation process.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNAL CONTROL ON FRAUD PREVENTION WITH TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY AS INTERVENING VARIABLES (A CASE STUDY AT ONG ASSOSIASAUN SENTRU ESTUDU BA PAZ NO DEMOKRASIA – ASEPD & ONG ACTION FOR CHANGE FOUNDATION – ACF)
The main objective of this study is to examine and analyze the effect of internal control on fraud prevention with transparency and accountability as intervening variables, using a case study at ONG Assosiasaun Sentru Estudu ba Paz no Demokrasia (ASEPD) and ONG Action For Change Foundation (ACF). The study collected data from 38 respondents. The data used in this research are primary data obtained through questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS).The results of the study indicate that internal control has a positive and significant effect on fraud prevention, as well as a significant effect on transparency and accountability. In addition, fraud prevention is found to have a significant effect on transparency but not significant on accountability. In the mediation test, the findings show that transparency serves as a significant intervening variable in the relationship between internal control and fraud prevention. On the other hand, accountability is not proven to be a significant mediating variable in this relationship.
THE ROLE OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR (OCB) WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE: A CASE STUDY AT THE INSTITUTE OF GEOSCIENCE OF TIMOR-LESTE (IGTL)
This study aims to examine the role of servant leadership in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) with job satisfaction as a mediating variable at the Institute of Geoscience Timor-Leste (IGTL). A mixed-method approach with a dominant quantitative design was employed, combining survey data collected from all 75 IGTL employees with qualitative insights from interviews with four key informants. The quantitative data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), while narrative analysis was applied to the qualitative interview data to validate and enrich the statistical findings. The results indicate that servant leadership significantly enhances both job satisfaction and OCB. Employees who perceive their leaders as empathetic, supportive, empowering, and collaborative demonstrate higher levels of voluntary behaviors that benefit the organization. Job satisfaction was also found to have a direct and significant influence on OCB, and it mediates the relationship between servant leadership and OCB, highlighting the importance of employee satisfaction as a mechanism for fostering extra-role behaviors. Based on these findings, organizations are encouraged to cultivate servant leadership behaviors to improve employee satisfaction and promote organizational citizenship behavior. Future research is suggested to involve larger and more diverse samples, employ longitudinal designs, and explore additional variables such as organizational commitment or work environment.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Ocb)
Work Readiness Among Tvet Trainees In Timor-Leste: The Role Of Curriculum, Instructor Competence, Training Facilities And Industry Engagement Under Government Support
This study investigates how training quality dimensions and government support shape trainee work-readiness in Timor-Leste’s Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) system, a context marked by high youth unemployment and uneven institutional capacity. Drawing on Human Capital Theory, Constructivist Learning Theory, and Skills Ecosystem Theory, the study tests an integrated structural model linking curriculum relevance, instructor competence, training facilities, and industry engagement to work-readiness, with government support as a moderator. Using data from 151 final-term trainees across two accredited Don Bosco institutions, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was conducted via SmartPLS 4.0. Results show that instructor competence is the only significant direct predictor of work-readiness (β = 0.306, p = 0.006), while other structural inputs were non-significant. Government support showed no significant moderating effects except in enhancing the relationship between industry engagement and work-readiness (β = 0.282, p = 0.006). The model demonstrated moderate explanatory power (R² = 0.507), predictive relevance (Q²_predict > 0), and acceptable validity, though global model fit (SRMR = 0.095) was marginally suboptimal. The findings highlight that in fragile systems, employability is driven more by human and systemic factors than by formal inputs, underscoring the need to professionalise TVET trainers and foster structured government–industry coordination.
HOW ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT SHAPES EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF WORK ENGAGEMENT IN THE NATIONAL PARLIAMENT OF TIMOR-LESTE
This study analyzed the impact of Perceived Organizational Support and Work Engagement on employee well-being. This survey was conducted in the National Parliament of Timor Leste, covering all 118 employees as a sample for the survey. Data collection was obtained through questionnaires and interviews. The analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results show that Perceived Organizational Support (POS) has a positive but insignificant effect directly on employee well-being, and work engagement has a positive and significant effect on employee well-being. Complementary work engagement partially mediates the effect of Perceived Organizational support on employee well-being. This research recommends to the Secretariat of the National Parliament to pay more attention to the welfare of employees so that employees can feel that the organization values ​​their contribution and cares about their well-being. This is important because employees' involvement in daily work can greatly affect their well-being.
Leadership Influences on Employee Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment in Chinese Technology Firms
This paper develops an integrative framework to explain how leadership influences employee satisfaction and organizational commitment in Chinese technology firms. Drawing on contemporary leadership and organizational behavior literature, the study synthesizes theoretical perspectives to clarify the mechanisms through which leadership behaviors shape employees’ evaluative and affective attitudes in innovation-intensive environments. The framework positions employee satisfaction as a central attitudinal outcome of leadership and a key pathway through which organizational commitment is formed. By situating these relationships within the institutional and competitive context of China’s technology sector, the paper highlights the importance of leadership behaviors that foster support, trust, and meaningful work under conditions of high performance pressure. Beyond theoretical integration, the study discusses managerial and policy implications related to leadership development, retention, and sustainable human resource practices. The paper also outlines directions for future empirical research, proposing the use of structural equation modeling, multilevel designs, and longitudinal approaches to validate and extend the framework. Overall, the study contributes to leadership and organizational behavior scholarship by offering a context-sensitive perspective on workforce sustainability in rapidly growing technology firms.
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Transformational Leadership and Employee Attitudes in Chinese Technology Firms: A Conceptual Framework for Huawei Technologies
This conceptual paper develops an integrative framework explaining how transformational leadership shapes employee attitudes in Chinese technology firms, with particular relevance to the organizational context of Huawei Technologies. Drawing on social exchange theory, job demands–resources theory, and leadership-based role modeling perspectives, the study synthesizes recent literature to theorize how transformational leadership influences key employee attitudes, including work engagement, job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, and turnover intention. The framework highlights the mediating roles of psychological empowerment, perceived organizational support, and trust in leadership, while acknowledging the moderating influence of high innovation intensity and environmental uncertainty characteristic of China’s technology sector. Beyond advancing a coherent conceptualization, the paper critically discusses the limitations inherent in theory-driven models and outlines rigorous directions for future empirical research. Specifically, it proposes survey-based structural equation modeling, multilevel designs, and time-lagged approaches as suitable strategies to validate the framework and strengthen causal inference. By linking leadership behaviors to attitudinal outcomes within a high-performance, innovation-driven context, the study contributes to leadership and organizational behavior literature and offers a foundation for evidence-based leadership development in large Chinese technology firms.
Cryptocurrency Adoption and the Future of Global Finance: A Conceptual Exploration of Opportunities, Risks, and Systemic Transformation
This paper examines cryptocurrency adoption as a transformative force reshaping the future of global finance. Drawing on recent interdisciplinary literature, the study synthesises technological, institutional, and systemic perspectives to develop an integrative understanding of how cryptocurrencies generate both opportunities and risks within evolving financial ecosystems. The paper argues that cryptocurrency adoption extends beyond individual user acceptance or market performance, functioning instead as a catalyst for structural change in financial intermediation, regulatory governance, and monetary systems. By conceptually analysing key drivers such as blockchain-enabled efficiency, institutional legitimacy, and regulatory adaptability alongside challenges including volatility, governance gaps, and systemic risk, the study proposes a holistic framework linking micro-level adoption dynamics with macro-level financial transformation. The findings contribute to fintech and financial innovation scholarship by clarifying the conditions under which cryptocurrencies complement rather than destabilise traditional financial systems. The paper further offers theoretical and policy-relevant insights into how hybrid financial architectures integrating decentralised finance, traditional institutions, and central bank digital currencies may shape the long-term configuration of global finance.
Understanding Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Business Management: Opportunities and Challenges
This study examines artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in business management by synthesizing existing literature on the opportunities and challenges associated with AI-enabled organizational transformation. Adopting an integrative, theory-driven perspective, the paper conceptualizes AI adoption as a socio-technical and managerial process shaped by strategic alignment, governance structures, organizational capabilities, and ethical considerations. The analysis highlights how AI can enhance operational efficiency, decision-making quality, and innovation while simultaneously introducing managerial challenges related to skills, change management, accountability, and regulatory compliance. By consolidating fragmented research streams into a unified framework, the study advances understanding of how organizations can pursue sustainable and responsible AI adoption. The paper further discusses implications for managers and policymakers and proposes directions for future empirical research using quantitative, qualitative, and longitudinal designs to validate and extend the conceptual insights. Overall, the study contributes to AI adoption and business management literature by offering a holistic perspective on balancing value creation and risk management in AI-driven organizational contexts.
Business Performance in Fishing SMEs through Artificial Intelligence Adoption: The Mediating Roles of Relative Advantage and Compatibility
This study develops a conceptual framework to explain how artificial intelligence (AI) adoption influences business performance in fishing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the mediating roles of perceived relative advantage and compatibility. Drawing primarily on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and complementary perspectives from digital transformation and SME performance literature, the paper argues that AI does not directly enhance performance unless it is perceived by owner-managers as both beneficial and compatible with existing operational routines, resource constraints, and skill bases. By focusing on fishing SMEs as a traditional and under-researched industry context, the study extends AI adoption research beyond technology-intensive sectors and highlights the importance of adoption readiness and fit in realizing performance outcomes. The paper further discusses theoretical, managerial, and policy implications, emphasizing strategic AI decision-making, phased investment approaches, and the role of digital inclusion and capacity-building initiatives. Finally, directions for future research are proposed, including the use of structural equation modeling, mixed-method designs, and longitudinal studies to empirically validate the proposed mediation framework. Overall, the study contributes to AI adoption and SME performance literature by offering a context-sensitive explanation of sustainable digital transformation in fishing SMEs.
Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Fishing SMEs: A Conceptual Framework Linking Perceived Relative Advantage, Compatibility, and Business Performance in Malaysia
This paper develops an integrative framework to explain how artificial intelligence (AI) adoption influences business performance in fishing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. Drawing on Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, the study conceptually examines the roles of perceived relative advantage and compatibility as key innovation attributes shaping AI adoption decisions in a traditional, resource-constrained industry context. The framework positions AI adoption as a mediating mechanism through which innovation perceptions are translated into performance outcomes, including operational efficiency, market responsiveness, and competitive positioning. By situating AI adoption within the realities of fishing SMEs—characterised by limited technological readiness, strong reliance on established routines, and sensitivity to cost and risk—the paper extends AI adoption research beyond high-technology sectors. The study further discusses managerial and policy implications related to strategic AI investment, digital inclusion, and capacity-building initiatives, and outlines directions for future empirical research using structural equation modelling, mixed-method approaches, and longitudinal designs. Overall, the paper contributes to AI adoption and SME literature by offering a context-sensitive perspective on digital transformation in Malaysia’s fishing industry.
THE IMPACT OF GLASS CEILING ON WOMEN EMPLOYEES CAREER DEVELOPMENT TO UPPER MANAGEMENT LEVEL AT MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, DILI, TIMOR-LESTE
This research focuses on "The Impact of Glass Ceiling on Women Employee’s Career Development to Upper Management Level at Ministry of Education, Dili, Timor-Leste." There are three variables in this research. Aim of this study is to determine "Whether Self, Family and Organizational Barriers Impact Career Development of Women Employees." The research method used is quantitative method. Data analysis techniques involve descriptive statistical and multiple linear regression analysis. The instrument tests used in this research including validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The classical assumption tests include normality, heteroscedasticity and multicollinearity tests. The results of this study indicated that the variable (X1) has a negative impact on women's career development, variable (X2) has a positive impact on women's career development, and variable (X3) has a positive impact on women's career development, therefore the conclusion are the three variables has influences on women carrier development. The implication of the research are self-inhibition has a negative influence, hence career development will decline and gender inequality will increase and will reduce organizational trust in women's abilities; Family obstacles also impact on career development because if there is no support from husband, thus the career development will decline and economically unprofitable; The Organizations not sensitive to gender issues, this will have implications in reducing number of female leaders in the organization.
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THE EFFECT OF TEACHER TRAINING, TEACHER COMPETENCE, WORK MOTIVATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MUNISÍPIU DILI
This study aims to determine the influence of training, competence and motivation on the performance of Kindergarten teachers at Public Schools in Munisípiu Dili. In this study, the research method used is a quantitative research method. The population obtained was 90 people with incidental samples , and the researchers were able to find a sample of 90 teachers. The data used in this study are primary data, namely by distributing questionnaires. The data analysis technique is a quantitative data analysis technique using statistical methods. The statistical method used is SPSS . The results of the study showed that the variables training (X1) has an effect significant to performance Public School Kindergarten teacher in Munisípiu Dili. Variable free competence (X2) has an effect significant to performance Public School Kindergarten Teacher in Munisípiu Dili. Variable free motivation (X3), has an effect significant to performance Public School Kindergarten Teacher in Munisípiu Dili. Variable free Training (X1), competence (X2) and teacher motivation (X3), together influential significant to performance of Kindergarten teachers of Public Schools in Dili Municipality.
BARRIERS AND ENABLERS IN HEALTH WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY HEALTHCARE IN DILI MUNICIPALITY, TIMOR-LESTE
This study explores the barriers and enablers in managing the health workforce within primary healthcare (PHC) settings in Dili Municipality, Timor-Leste. Applied a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observation, then analysed through mixed thematic analysis to identify the key themes and categories. The findings identified barriers, including imbalanced human resource distribution, insufficient space and infrastructure, limited continuous professional development (CPD), and a lack of financial incentives. Health centres such as Comoro and Metinaro face significant space limitations, while other centres report a need for more medical doctors and specialists. Enablers identified include reliance on external training, flexible scheduling to prioritize patient care, and the strong commitment of healthcare workers to serve their communities despite limited financial incentives. Addressing these barriers and reinforcing enablers is essential to improve healthcare delivery and achieve equitable healthcare across all centres in Dili Municipality.
INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION, DISCIPLINE, AND JOB SATISFACTION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT ANATL, E.P. PRESIDENT NICOLAU LOBATO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, COMORO, DILI, TIMOR-LESTE
Employee performance is crucial for organizational success and can be improved when employees clearly understand expectations and can actively participate in their evaluations. This study investigates the impact of motivation, discipline, and job satisfaction on employee performance at ANATL, E.P. It analyzes whether competitive and non-complacent behaviors influence outcomes. A sample of 65 employees was selected using Slovin's formula, with data collected via questionnaires. Various tests, including validity, reliability, and multiple linear regression, were conducted to analyze the data. Results show that motivation (X1) significantly enhances employee performance, while discipline (X2) does not have a notable effect. Job satisfaction (X3) also positively impacts performance. Collectively, these factors significantly influence performance, with a determination coefficient of 0.6035, indicating that 60% of employee performance can be attributed to motivation, discipline, and job satisfaction. This highlights the importance of fostering a motivating and satisfying work environment to boost employee effectiveness.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE, WORK MOTIVATION, AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY AT THE TIMOR-LESTE PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE LOCATED IN DÍLI
This study aims to find out and analyze the influence of leadership style, work motivation and work environment both passively and simultaneously on employee performance, at the Díli High Prosecutor's Office, Timor-Leste located in Colmera and Matadoro. The population was 195, a sample of 99 respondents, the data was processed using the help of SPSS version 25 software, a type of quantitative descriptive research. The results of the study partially showed that the variables Leadership Style (X1), Motivation (X2), and Work Environment (X3) had a positive and significant effect on employee performance. The results of the F test, in the three variables, show that the variables Leadership Style, Motivation, Environment, simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance.The results of this study are expected to provide better insight into the factors that affect employee performance.
THE EFFECT OF WORK COMPENSATION AND NON-PHYSICAL WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT ELECTRICIDADE DE TIMOR LESTE-EMPRESA PÚBLICA, CAICOLI, DILI, TIMOR-LESTE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF WORK DISCIPLINE.
This study aims to analyze and explain: 1) the effect of compensation on employee performance; 2) the influence of the work environment on employee performance; 3) the effect of compensation on work discipline; 4) the influence of the work environment on work discipline; 5) the influence of work discipline on employee performance; 6) the role of work discipline mediation on the effect of compensation on employee performance; 7) the role of work discipline mediation on the influence of the work environment on employee performance Work discipline mediation. The population of this study is 100 from employees working at EDTL, E.P., Caicoli, Dili with a sample of 90 with questionnaire distribution. This study uses the Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) approach with Partial Least Square (PLS) in Smart PLS 4.1.0. Through the results of the study, it is known that directly compensation and work environment have no positive and insignificant effect on employee performance; compensation and work environment have a positive and significant influence on work discipline; work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance; Indirectly, compensation and work environment mediated by work discipline have a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of EDTL, E.P., Caicoli, Dili based on the value of R Squares.
Work Discipline and Employee Performance
MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES IN THE COMPUTER LABORATORY USING COBIT 19
This study aims to evaluate the management of information technology resources in the Computer Laboratory at the Institute of Business (IOB) using the COBIT 19 framework, as well as to provide recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of laboratory management. The methodology employed is a descriptive approach with data collection through observations and interviews with laboratory users, including students, lecturers, and laboratory staff. The analysis results indicate that the staff's lack of understanding regarding application supervision and proper management procedures negatively impacts academic performance, as many applications are outdated and incompatible with computer specifications, resulting in disruptions in the teaching and learning process. The discussion emphasizes the importance of implementing COBIT 19 to enhance laboratory governance, which includes evaluation, supervision, and risk management, as well as the need for increasing staff knowledge regarding the applications and systems used. The resulting recommendations suggest that each application in the laboratory should align with computer specifications, be regularly updated to the latest versions, and utilize official licenses from the respective companies. Additionally, training for laboratory staff is necessary to enhance their skills in system management and maintenance.
THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION, WORK ENVIRONMENT AND WORK MOTIVATION ON PNTL MEMBER PERFORMANCE
This study aims to determine the influence of communication , work environment and work motivation on the performance of PNTL members (Study of the Timor Leste National Police Office, Viqueque Municipal Command) . In this study, the research method used is a quantitative research method. The population obtained was 75 people with Sampling for this study using Census samples, namely 75 PNTL members . The data used in this study is primary data, namely by distributing questionnaires. The data analysis technique is a quantitative data analysis technique using statistical methods. The statistical method used is SPSS. The results of the study indicate that the communication variable (X1 ) has a positive and significant effect on the work performance of Policia members at the Timor Leste National Policia Office, Viqueque Municipal Command . The work environment variable (X2) has a positive and significant effect on the work performance of Policia members at the Timor Leste National Policia Office, Viqueque Municipal Command . The work motivation variable has a positive and significant effect on the work performance of the Policia members at the Timor Leste National Policia Office, Viqueque Municipal Command . The communication variables (X1), environment (X2) and Work Motivation (X3) together has a positive and significant impact to performance Police members at the Timor Leste National Police Office Viqueque Municipal Command.
EFFECT OF TRAINING AND MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE WITH WORK DISCIPLINE AS INTERVENING VARIABLES: CASE STUDY AT THE INSTITUTE NATIONAL STATISTICS TIMOR LESTE, PUBLIC INSTITUTE
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of training and motivation on employee performance through work discipline at the Institute National Statistics Timor Leste, Institute Public. This research was conducted for employees in the Institute National Statistc Timor Leste, Institute Public.. Using a quantitative approach, the research data was collected from 69 employees in the Institute National Statistc Timor Leste, Institute Public. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to test hypotheses in this study using SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study indicate that there was no influence between training on employee performance, there was no influence between motivation on employee performance, there was an influence between training on work discipline, there was a significant positive influence between motivation on work discipline, then there was a significant positive influence between work discipline towards employee performance. In addition, it was found that there was no influence between training on employee performance through work discipline and it was also found that there was an influence between motivation on employee performance through work discipline.